Bu y\u0131lki \u00f6d\u00fcle, DNA ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130sve\u00e7li Thomas Lindahl, Amerikal\u0131 Paul Modrich ve T\u00fcrk Aziz Sancar lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.
\n<\/p>\n
Bu y\u0131lki \u00f6d\u00fcle, DNA ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130sve\u00e7li Thomas Lindahl, Amerikal\u0131 Paul Modrich ve T\u00fcrk Aziz Sancar lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn bu y\u0131lki sahiplerinden biri T\u00fcrk bilim adam\u0131 Aziz Sancar oldu.<\/p>\n
\u0130sve\u00e7’teki Nobel Komitesi, Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn \u0130sve\u00e7li Thomas Lindahl, Amerikal\u0131 Paul Modrich ve T\u00fcrk Aziz Sancar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130sve\u00e7 Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi, d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, Lindahl, Modrich ve Sancar’\u0131n “h\u00fccrelerin hasar g\u00f6ren DNA’y\u0131 nas\u0131l onard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve genetik bilgiyi nas\u0131l koruma alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcklerini bildirdi.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klamada, “\u00dc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, h\u00fccrelerin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fine y\u00f6nelik son derece \u00f6nemli bilgi sa\u011flayarak yeni kanser tedavilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131” ifadesi kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan DNA’s\u0131n\u0131n her g\u00fcn ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, serbest radikaller ve di\u011fer kanserojen maddeler nedeniyle zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne i\u015faret edilen a\u00e7\u0131klamada, \u015funlar kaydedildi:<\/p>\n
“Ancak bu t\u00fcr d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lar olmadan da DNA molek\u00fclleri, kal\u0131t\u0131msal olarak de\u011fi\u015fken bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. H\u00fccrenin genomunda her g\u00fcn \u00e7ok say\u0131da de\u011fi\u015fiklik meydana gelir. Daha da \u00f6tesi insan v\u00fccudundaki h\u00fccreler her g\u00fcn milyonlarca kez b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bu esnada DNA kopyalan\u0131r. DNA’n\u0131n kopyalanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 bozukluklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Genetik materyalin tam bir kimyasal kaosa d\u00fc\u015fmemesinin nedeni, hi\u00e7 durmadan DNA’y\u0131 izleyen ve meydana gelen hasarlar\u0131 onaran molek\u00fcler sistemler bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. 2015 Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, bu onar\u0131m sistemlerinin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini molek\u00fcler d\u00fczeyde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an \u00fc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131na verilmi\u015ftir.”<\/p>\n
Kraliyet Akademisi, \u00f6d\u00fcle lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00fc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131tt\u0131:<\/p>\n
“1970’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda bilim adamlar\u0131, DNA’n\u0131n son derece istikrarl\u0131 bir molek\u00fcl oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu ancak Lindahl, DNA’n\u0131n asl\u0131nda yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fam\u0131n geli\u015fimini imkans\u0131z k\u0131lacak bir yava\u015fl\u0131kta bozuldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc, Lindahl’\u0131n DNA’n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesine s\u00fcrekli engel olan molek\u00fcler bir makineyi ke\u015ffetmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Aziz Sancar, h\u00fccrelerin ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n DNA’da neden oldu\u011fu hasar\u0131 tamir etmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00fckleotid eksizyon onar\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Paul Modrich de h\u00fccrelerin, h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi esnas\u0131nda DNA’n\u0131n kopyalanmas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hatalar\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00fczeltti\u011fini buldu.”<\/p>\n
Tomas Lindahl<\/strong><\/p>\n Lindahl, 1938’de Stockholm’de d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Karolinska Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden mezun olan Lindahl, 1978’ten 1982’ye kadar G\u00f6teborg \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131bbi ve Fizyolojik Kimya B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lindahl, halihaz\u0131rda \u0130ngiltere’deki Clare Hall Laboratuvar\u0131 Kanser Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi’nin m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Paul Modrich<\/strong><\/p>\n California’da 1946’da do\u011fan Modrich, Stanford \u00dcniversitesi’nden mezun oldu. Modrich, Duke \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi’nde biyokimya dersleri veriyor.<\/p>\n Aziz Sancar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1946’da Mardin’in Savur il\u00e7esinde d\u00fcnyaya gelen Sancar, 1977’de Dallas’daki Teksas \u00dcniversitesi’nde doktoras\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131. Sancar, halihaz\u0131rda Kuzey Carolina \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Biyokimya ve Biyofizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’nde ders veriyor. <\/p>\n Lindahl, Modrich ve Sancar, 8 milyon \u0130sve\u00e7 Kronu (yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyon lira) tutar\u0131ndaki \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc payla\u015facak. \u00dc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131na, Alfred Nobel’in \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc 10 Aral\u0131k’ta d\u00fczenlenecek \u00f6d\u00fcl t\u00f6reninde birer diploma ve alt\u0131n madalya da verilecek.<\/p>\n \u0130sve\u00e7 Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi, yar\u0131n Edebiyat \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn sahibini, cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc de Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazanan ismi a\u00e7\u0131klayacak. Nobel Ekonomi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn sahibi ise 12 Ekim’de belli olacak.<\/p>\n Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en prestijli \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7in adaylar, her bir alan i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan komite \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan belirleniyor. Akademi \u00fcyelerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oylamada da oylar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu alan aday, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn sahibi oluyor.<\/p>\n Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n 1901 ve 2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 106 kez Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc verildi. Toplam 169 ki\u015fiye lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6d\u00fcllerden 23’\u00fc 2 ki\u015fi, 20’si ise 3 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne \u015fimdiye kadar sadece 4 kad\u0131n lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc: Marie Curie (1911) , Curie’nin k\u0131z\u0131 Irene Joliot-Curie (1935), Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964) ve Ada Yonath (2009)<\/p>\n Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc alan en gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 Frederic Joliot oldu. Joliot, 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 35 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc verilen en ya\u015fl\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 ise 2002’de 85 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6d\u00fcle lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen John B. Fenn oldu.<\/p>\n 1911’de Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen Marie Curie, 1903’te de Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1954’te Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc alan Linus Pauling, 1962’de de Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Frederick Sanger ise 1958 ve 1980 y\u0131llar\u0131nda iki kez Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn sahibi oldu.<\/p>\n Curie ailesinin Nobel ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Curie ailesi, evlerine 6 Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek Nobel tarihindeki en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 aile oldu. Marie ve Pierre Curie \u00e7ifti, ilk \u00f6d\u00fcllerini 1903’te fizik alan\u0131nda kazand\u0131. Marie Curie, 1911’de bu kez Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7iftin t\u0131pk\u0131 kendilerini gibi bilim alan\u0131nda kariyer yapan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131zlar\u0131, Irene Joliot-Curie, 1935’te e\u015fi Frederic Joliot ile Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn sahibi oldu. Curie \u00e7iftinin UNICEF i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131zlar\u0131 Eve Curie’nin e\u015fi Henry R. Labouisse ize 1965’te UNICEF ad\u0131na Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc ald\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alamayanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazanan iki Alman bilim adam\u0131, \u00f6d\u00fcllerini alamad\u0131. Nobel Komitesi, Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Richard Kuhn ve 1939’da da Adolf Butenandt’a verdi. Kuhn ve Butenandt, Nazi lideri Adolf Hitler’in yasak getirmesi sonucu \u00f6d\u00fcllerini alamad\u0131lar. 1939’da Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen Gerhard Domagk da ayn\u0131 yasak nedeniyle \u00f6d\u00fcl t\u00f6renine kat\u0131lamad\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131, sonraki y\u0131llarda diploma ve madalyalar\u0131na kavu\u015ftu ancak para \u00f6d\u00fcllerini alamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Madalya<\/strong><\/p>\n Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazananlara \u00f6d\u00fcllerinin takdim edildi\u011fi ak\u015fam bir de \u0130sve\u00e7li heykelt\u0131ra\u015f ve grav\u00fcrc\u00fc Erik Lindberg taraf\u0131ndan tasarlanan madalya veriliyor.<\/p>\n \u0130sve\u00e7 Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi’nin fizik ve kimya alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcl kazananlara takdim etti\u011fi madalyas\u0131na M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 \u0130sis’e benzeyen bir do\u011fa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f. Bulutlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan tanr\u0131\u00e7a, kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bereketi simgeleyen bir boynuz tutuyor. Madalyada tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rten pe\u00e7eyi ise “Bilim’in Dahisi” a\u00e7\u0131yor. <\/p>\n Madalyada ayn\u0131 zamanda Vergilius’un Aeneid adl\u0131 eserinden “Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes” ifadesi bulunuyor. Latince ifade, “Yeni bulu\u015flar, sanatla g\u00fczelle\u015fen hayat\u0131 daha da zengin k\u0131lar” anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n Defneden ta\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kazananlar i\u00e7in \u0130ngilizce “Nobel Laureates” ifadesi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. “Laureate” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, defne dallar\u0131 ve yapraklar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ta\u00e7 anlam\u0131na geliyor. Antik Yunan’da m\u00fczi\u011fin, g\u00fczel sanatlar\u0131n, g\u00fcne\u015fin, ate\u015fin ve \u015fiirin tanr\u0131s\u0131 olan Apollon taraf\u0131ndan tak\u0131lan defne tac\u0131, spor m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u015fiir yar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n kazananlar\u0131na “gurur sembol\u00fc” olarak arma\u011fan ediliyordu.<\/p>\n 2001’den bu yana Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazananlar<\/strong><\/p>\n 2001: William Knowles (ABD), Ryoji Noyori (Japonya), Barry Sharpless (ABD)<\/p>\n 2002: John Fenn (ABD), Koichi Tanaka (Japonya) ve Kurt W\u00fcthrich (\u0130svi\u00e7re)<\/p>\n 2003: Peter Agre (ABD), Roderick MacKinnon (ABD)<\/p>\n 2004: Aaron Ciechanover (\u0130srail), Avram Hershko (\u0130srail), Irwin Rose (ABD)<\/p>\n 2005: Yves Chauvin (Fransa), Robert H. Grubbs ve Richard R. Schrock (ABD)<\/p>\n 2006: Roger D. Kornberg (ABD)<\/p>\n 2007: Gerhard Ertl (Almanya)<\/p>\n 2008: Roger Tsien (ABD), Martin Chalfie (ABD) ve Osamu Shimomura (Japon)<\/p>\n 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ve Thomas Steitzile (ABD) ile Ada Yonath (\u0130srail)<\/p>\n 2010 :Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi (ABD) ve Akira Suzuki (Japon)<\/p>\n 2011: Dan Shechtman (\u0130srail)<\/p>\n 2012: Robert J. Lefkowitz ve Brian K. Kobilka (ABD)<\/p>\n 2013: Martin Karplus (Avusturya), Michael Levitt (G\u00fcney Afrika) ve Arieh Warshel (\u0130srail)<\/p>\n 2014: Eric Betzig (ABD), Stefan W. Hell (Romanya) ve William E. Moerner (ABD)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bu y\u0131lki \u00f6d\u00fcle, DNA ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130sve\u00e7li Thomas Lindahl, Amerikal\u0131 Paul Modrich ve T\u00fcrk Aziz Sancar lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3882,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-3883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\n