\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131ndaki yeri y\u0131llard\u0131r tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Genel olarak uluslararas\u0131 medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda haber ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 olu\u015fu ve birka\u00e7 k\u00f6kl\u00fc haber ajans\u0131n\u0131n ve medya kurulu\u015funun t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi her defas\u0131nda alt\u0131 \u00e7izilen bir konu. \u00d6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerine bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n haber sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve halklar\u0131 bu do\u011frultuda y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bununla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Bat\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 haber medyas\u0131nda olumsuz g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara dair haberlerin rutin olarak basmakal\u0131p bi\u00e7imlerle \u00e7er\u00e7evelendi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a biliniyor.<\/p>\n
Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 olumsuz i\u015flemesi ve bunun etkileri uluslararas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla belgelenmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n bas\u0131n yay\u0131n organlar\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 basmakal\u0131p ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130slam’\u0131 ise ter\u00f6rizmle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131ndaki temsilleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, \u00f6zellikle 11 Eyl\u00fcl’den sonra \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131; fakat 11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019den \u00f6nce de bu anlamda sorunlar ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar var. 11 Eyl\u00fcl sonras\u0131nda ise bu tip olumsuz haberlerde bir yo\u011funla\u015fma meydana geldi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlendi ve konu hakk\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar artt\u0131. \u0130ncelenen haberlerde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u201c\u00f6tekiler\u201d olarak g\u00f6steriliyor; \u0130slam, \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6r aras\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu mesaj\u0131 veriliyor. Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimlikleri in\u015fa etmedeki rol\u00fc \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, \u0130slam ile \u015fiddet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin haberlerde tekrar eden bir konu oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu tav\u0131r en \u00e7ok ABD, \u0130ngiltere ve Avustralya medyas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Fakat konu \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, sadece birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stererek bilinen ger\u00e7ekleri ispatlama yoluna gidiyor. As\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan nokta ise bilinen ve sorunlu yanlar\u0131 olan bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya koymaktan \u00e7ok, bu soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aramakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u0131l yay\u0131mlanan Reporting Islam: International Best Practice for Journalists [1] adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n yazarlar\u0131 Jacqui Ewart ve Kate O\u2019Donnel, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada gazetecilere \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri sunuyorlar. Sorunu ortaya koyman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, t\u00fcm uluslararas\u0131 medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130slam ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi haberlerde nelere dikkat etmeleri gerekti\u011fini, geli\u015ftirdikleri \u201cd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmc\u00fc gazetecilik modeli\u201d ile ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n
Kitapta iki temel problemden bahsediliyor: Birincisi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde \u201cdi\u011ferleri\u201d olarak konumlayan haber medyas\u0131; ikincisi ise toplumsal gerginlikler do\u011furabilecek ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 soyutlayan \u201csorunlu\u201d haber uygulamalar\u0131. Kitaba g\u00f6re, Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 toplumlarla uyumunu sorgulayan haberler yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131 genellikle Bat\u0131 de\u011ferleriyle ve demokrasi kavramlar\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fkili konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 toplumlarla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme konusunda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olduklar\u0131 ve genellikle Bat\u0131 de\u011ferlerine ve ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerine birer tehdit olduklar\u0131 haberlerde s\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015flenmi\u015f. \u0130ngiliz medyas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 haberlerde, Bat\u0131 ve \u0130slam aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir ortak zemin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f ve ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili ger\u00e7ekler s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, abart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n
Bu durum sadece \u0130ngiltere ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n haberlerde ortak tema oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. Bu haberlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131, m\u00fclteci ve g\u00f6\u00e7men olarak odaklanm\u0131\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin Danimarka’da baz\u0131 haberlerde \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zellikle belirginle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve bu haberlerde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n asla Danimarkal\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hatta bu \u00fclkeye ait olmad\u0131klar\u0131na dair yayg\u0131n s\u00f6ylemler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu s\u00f6ylemlerin toplumda etnik gruplara ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit kamuoyu alg\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Di\u011fer bir \u00f6rnek ise Hollanda’da yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n pop\u00fcler bir gazetesinde yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve haber i\u00e7eriklerinde \u201cter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ve din\u201d konusunun en s\u0131k i\u015flenen konu oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015f.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm bu \u00f6rneklere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0130slam hakk\u0131nda olumsuz olaylara odaklanm\u0131\u015f bir yay\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n benimsendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Avustralyal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bulgular\u0131 ise di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki \u00f6rneklerle benzerlik g\u00f6steriyor. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara y\u00f6nelik Avustralya\u2019da yay\u0131n yapan haber medyas\u0131nda, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Avustralya’daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkenin egemen k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bir sorun olarak vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Avustralya’daki ana ak\u0131m medyan\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde hissediliyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u0130slam’\u0131n liberal demokrasi ilkeleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fkili sunuldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar haber kaynaklar\u0131 olarak tercih edilmiyor<\/strong><\/p>\n Di\u011fer taraftan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili pek \u00e7ok haberde haber kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, terminolojinin yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7eklerin yanl\u0131\u015f bildirildi\u011fi, hik\u00e2yelere e\u015flik eden g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin bilin\u00e7li olarak \u201cyanl\u0131\u015f\u201d se\u00e7ildi\u011fi, \u201c\u0130slami inan\u00e7\u201d ve \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d kelimelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu kez bir arada kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, Bat\u0131l\u0131 gazetecilerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 haber kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullanmad\u0131klar\u0131 belirtiliyor. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n sadece kendi eylemlerini ve kendi dinlerini ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kaynak olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda neredeyse hi\u00e7bir haberde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman seslerin yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konuluyor.<\/p>\n Di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bir mesele ise M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ana ak\u0131m haber medyas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini duyurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 engeller. Bu durum, bask\u0131n medya yap\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zellikle Avustralya medyas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir sorun. \u00d6zellikle yerli Avustralyal\u0131lar ve etnik az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n seslerinin yetersiz bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana ak\u0131m haber medyas\u0131nda, etnik az\u0131nl\u0131klarla ilgili haber kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin benzer bulgular ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Haberlerde kullan\u0131lan dil sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n Haberlerde yer alan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman seslerin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sorun olsa da, di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bir mesele, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili haber medyas\u0131 metinlerinde kullan\u0131lan dil. Terminolojinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli zorluklara yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin Avustralya\u2019daki iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetede, 11 Eyl\u00fcl ter\u00f6rist sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan 12 ay \u00f6nce ve 12 ay sonra incelenen haberlerde kullan\u0131lan dilde \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar tespit edilmi\u015f. \u00d6zellikle \u0130srail-Filistin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bu durum g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor. Filistin direni\u015finde \u201cter\u00f6r\u00fcn\u201d belirleyici bir terim olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130srail’in eylemlerini aktarmak i\u00e7in ise \u201caskeri harek\u00e2t\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor. <\/p>\n Avustralya’n\u0131n Victoria eyaletindeki The Age ve The Herald Sun gazetelerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ve \u0130slam’\u0131n temsil edilmesi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bir analizde, her iki gazetede de \u0130slam’\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ter\u00f6rle birle\u015ftiren bir tav\u0131r g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor. S\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201cfanatik\u201d, \u201ck\u00f6ktenci\u201d, \u201csafkan\u201d, \u201cter\u00f6rist\u201d, \u201cradikal\u201d, \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131\u201d, \u201cmilitan\u201d, \u201cradikal \u0130slami grup\u201d ve \u201ck\u00f6ktenci \u0130slami ter\u00f6ristler\u201d terimleri ve tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Haber metinlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili haberlere e\u015flik eden g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler de izleyicilere g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sinyaller veriyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, haber medyas\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili haberlerde basmakal\u0131p g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere yer verdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu g\u00f6rseller aras\u0131nda, Ayetullah Humeyni’nin y\u00fcz\u00fc, Mekke’de hac g\u00f6revini yapan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, cami kubbeleri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din bilginleri taraf\u0131ndan giyilen c\u00fcppe, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve t\u00fcrban yer al\u0131yor. Asl\u0131nda bu imgeler, kelimelere ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan okuyucuya \u00e7ok miktarda bilgi iletiyor. Bununla birlikte, bu t\u00fcrden haberlerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilendi\u011fi hakk\u0131nda az say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Konuya odaklanan az say\u0131daki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, bu t\u00fcr yayg\u0131n medya haberlerinden dolay\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda da g\u00fcvensizlik olu\u015ftu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n Bu noktada, \u0130ngiltere merkezli yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6zellikle bahsetmek gerekiyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n bu t\u00fcr haberleri nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli sorular sormu\u015f ve elde edilen bilgilerle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fekilde an\u0131msand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler: \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ter\u00f6risttir\u201d, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkeler s\u0131k\u0131 ve muhafazak\u00e2rd\u0131r\u201d, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkeler kirli, geri ve e\u011fitimsizdir\u201d.<\/p>\n Kar\u0131\u015fan Kimlikler: M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, m\u00fclteci, g\u00f6\u00e7men?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cAvrupa g\u00f6\u00e7 krizi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suriye, Irak ve Afganistan gibi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden ka\u00e7an ve \u00e7o\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan insanlar\u0131n Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir insani krize yol a\u00e7t\u0131. AB \u00fclkelerinin bu krize verdi\u011fi tepkiler, dayan\u0131\u015fmadan yoksun olmakla beraber, politik ve milliyet\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak cereyan etti. Di\u011fer taraftan ise uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ve AB’ye y\u00f6nelik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerilimlerle s\u00fcr\u00fcp gitti. Tart\u0131\u015fmalar daha \u00e7ok insan g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorunu ve ulusal g\u00fcvenlik meselesi \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. \u015eiddet, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k, tutuklamalar, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, s\u0131n\u0131r kontrolleri, teknelerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kurtarma \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve a\u00e7l\u0131k gibi konular bu insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 olan farkl\u0131 ulusal tepkileri tan\u0131ml\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u0130nsanlar\u0131n insan ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilmesi ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fakat kalabal\u0131k botlarla Akdeniz’e do\u011fru yol almas\u0131yla binlerce insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. AB’ye girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu insanlar aras\u0131nda gen\u00e7, ya\u015fl\u0131, erkek, kad\u0131n, refakatsiz \u00e7ocuklar gibi, \u00e7o\u011fu ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden ka\u00e7an milyonlarca insan vard\u0131 ve bu insanlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131ndan, bu kriz daha \u00e7ok \u0130slam’a ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. AB\u2019ye \u00fcye devletlerde, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ve m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve riskli g\u00f6\u00e7men korkusu, ulusal ve ekonomik g\u00fcvenlik alan\u0131nda tehdit olarak de\u011ferlendirildi. T\u00fcm s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar, m\u00fclteciler ve g\u00f6\u00e7menler potansiyel ter\u00f6rist olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli ana ak\u0131m medya, \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumlar\u0131n krizi nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda etkili oldu. Baz\u0131 haberlerde s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar ve m\u00fclteciler, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden yasal olarak ka\u00e7an insanlar, baz\u0131 haberlerde ise do\u011fal olarak sorunlu, yani \u201c\u00f6tekiler\u201d olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131lar. Haber medyas\u0131 \u201cs\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131\u201d, \u201cm\u00fclteci\u201d ve \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\u201d kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve aralar\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rarak kamuoyunun m\u00fcltecileri ve di\u011fer g\u00f6\u00e7menleri alg\u0131lama \u015feklini etkiledi. \u00c7ok az say\u0131da haber medyas\u0131 Suriye ihtilaf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ve insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerini ele ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Eyl\u00fcl 2015’te Mu\u011fla’n\u0131n Bodrum il\u00e7esinden Yunanistan’\u0131n \u0130stank\u00f6y adas\u0131na \u015fi\u015fme botla ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken annesi ve karde\u015fiyle birlikte bo\u011fularak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Suriyeli Alan Kurdi\u2019nin cans\u0131z bedeninin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sarsm\u0131\u015f ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar daha da k\u00f6r\u00fcklemi\u015fti. S\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikelere odaklanan imgeler ve \u00f6yk\u00fcler, bir yerde sempati yaratm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 s\u00f6ylem, odak noktas\u0131nda yine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde bu g\u00f6\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131 durdu.<\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, krizin Almanya, \u0130spanya, \u0130talya, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve \u0130ngiliz haber medyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l yans\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiliz medyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer AB \u00fclkelerine nazaran daha kutupla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve sald\u0131rgan oldu\u011funu tespit etmi\u015f. \u0130ngiltere’deki sol e\u011filimli medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131, bir dizi insani konuyu i\u015flemi\u015f ve m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 daha sempatik i\u00e7eriklere yer vermi\u015f. Hatta krizin nedenleri ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleriyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kma konusunda daha fazla analiz yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f. Sa\u011f e\u011filimli medya ise m\u00fcltecilerin ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u0130ngiltere’nin refah\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 tehdit \u00fczerine odaklanm\u0131\u015f ve krizin sorun yarataca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylemlerde bulunmu\u015f. Bu noktada her \u00fc\u00e7 \u0130ngiliz’den birinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar hakk\u0131nda olumsuz g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahip oldu\u011fu ve ana ak\u0131m medyada M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde temsil edildi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131l boyunca \u0130ngiliz bas\u0131n\u0131ndaki s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n, m\u00fcltecilerin ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin i\u015flendi\u011fi haberlerin genellikle olumsuz oldu\u011fu ve \u00fcstelik \u201cahlaki bir panik\u201d yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz bas\u0131n\u0131ndaki haberlerde en dikkate de\u011fer \u015fey, olgular\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n tasviri hakk\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131: \u00d6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klara ra\u011fmen, kullan\u0131lan haber metinlerinde s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar, m\u00fclteciler veya g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin The Guardian\u2019da \u201cm\u00fclteci krizi\u201d, \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u201d, \u201ciltica politikas\u0131\u201d, \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\u201d terimleri, aralar\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmadan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. The Telgraf haberlerinde ise \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men krizi\u201d, \u201cs\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131\u201d, \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\u201d, \u201cm\u00fclteci krizi\u201d, \u201cgelenler\u201d ve \u201cm\u00fclteciler\u201d \u00e7o\u011funlukla kullan\u0131lan kelimeler.<\/p>\n Haber medyas\u0131nda be\u015f Avrupa \u00fclkesindeki kriz hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u00e7erik analizinde bulunan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, \u0130ngiltere’de be\u015f farkl\u0131 gazetede de\u011ferlendirdikleri t\u00fcm haberlerin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men\/g\u00f6\u00e7men ve m\u00fclteci\/s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131\u201d terimlerini kendi aralar\u0131nda ve hatta ayn\u0131 haberde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Bu durum elbette \u0130ngiltere’deki s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar, m\u00fclteciler ve g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak haber medyas\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 soruna i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131k farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00f6\u00e7men, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ve m\u00fclteci terimleri haber medyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan birbirlerinin yerine ve ba\u015flar\u0131na \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u201d ifadesi getirilerek kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu terimlerdeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya koyan say\u0131s\u0131z kaynaklara ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z eri\u015fimlere ra\u011fmen, haber medyas\u0131n\u0131n bu kilit terimleri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 veya bilin\u00e7li olarak kullanmas\u0131, alg\u0131 yaratma hususunda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir durum olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemesi gereken en \u00f6nemli nokta, medyan\u0131n kamuoyundaki alg\u0131y\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde etkiledi\u011fi ve toplumlar\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u201cD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmc\u00fc Gazetecilik Modeli\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli ana ak\u0131m haber medyas\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili haberleri bildirme bi\u00e7imlerindeki de\u011fi\u015fime \u00f6n ayak olmak ve yol g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in Ewart ve O\u2019Donnel taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulan model ise \u201cD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmc\u00fc Gazetecilik Modeli\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Model \u201cDo\u011fru haber de\u011ferlerini tehdit eden ya da sorun yaratan medya habercili\u011finin daha d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmc\u00fc bir vizyonu\u201d benimsemesi gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f. Kitapta, haber i\u00e7eriklerinin sorunlu yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda, yukar\u0131da belirtilen \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerinden analizler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131nda benimsenen bu gelene\u011fin d\u00fczeltilmesi i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m belirlenmi\u015f. Bir \u00e7e\u015fit kontrol listesi g\u00f6revi g\u00f6ren bu modelin uluslararas\u0131 medyada ciddiyetle ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyor. <\/p>\n [Do\u00e7. Dr. Berrin Kals\u0131n \u0130stanbul Medipol \u00dcniversitesi Gazetecilik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesidir]<\/p>\n [1] \u201cReporting Islam: International Best Practice for Journalists\u201d Jacqui Ewart&Kate O\u2019Donnel, Routledge, 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla ilgili pek \u00e7ok haberde terminoloji yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131l\u0131yor, hik\u00e2yelere e\u015flik eden g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler bilin\u00e7li olarak \u201cyanl\u0131\u015f\u201d se\u00e7iliyor, \u201c\u0130slami inan\u00e7\u201d ve \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d kelimeleri \u00e7o\u011fu kez bir arada kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":73972,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-74836","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turkiye"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74836","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74836"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74836\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/73972"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74836"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74836"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74836"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nordicturk.com\/arsiv\/20122025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=74836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}