Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r. Emrah Ya\u011fmurlu, \u0130sve\u00e7’te artan g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 AA Analiz i\u00e7in kaleme ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
\u0130sve\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7men ve Entegrasyon Bakan\u0131 Anders Ygeman’\u0131n, yerel bir gazeteye verdi\u011fi r\u00f6portajda “Belli b\u00f6lgelerde \u0130skandinav k\u00f6kenli olmayan ki\u015filerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmuyorum.” [1] diyerek sorunlu b\u00f6lgelere y\u00fczde 50 \u0130skandinav k\u00f6kenlilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesine dair \u00f6neride bulunmas\u0131 tepki \u00e7ekti. [2] \u0130sve\u00e7, 2015 m\u00fclteci krizinde Almanya’dan sonra Avrupa’da en \u00e7ok m\u00fclteci kabul eden \u00fclkeydi. [3] Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye’nin kabul etti\u011fi say\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,7 milyon) [4] d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu rakam k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de \u0130sve\u00e7’in \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Suriyelilerden olu\u015fan 162 bin 877 m\u00fclteciyi kabul etmesi, hem kendi g\u00f6\u00e7 tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem de n\u00fcfusuna oranla \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131r. Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin (AB) kriz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki duru\u015funu, d\u00f6nemin \u0130sve\u00e7 Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Stefan Lofven “Benim Avrupa’m duvarlar in\u015fa etmez.” diyerek ele\u015ftirmi\u015fti. [5] \u0130sve\u00e7 bug\u00fcn halen G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Entegrasyon (M\u0130PEX) indeksine g\u00f6re 86 puan ile 56 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda birinci. [6]<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn gelinen durumda ise \u0130sve\u00e7’te g\u00f6\u00e7menler art\u0131k ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131yor. \u00dclkede g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k \u00fczerinden siyaset yapan partilerin se\u00e7imlerde artan bir grafik \u00e7izdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. G\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr temelli arg\u00fcmanlarla gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi dikkati \u00e7ekiyor. Bu anlamda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin sek\u00fcler \u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne entegre olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131 sorunsal\u0131, hem sosyal hem de siyasi s\u00f6ylemlerin merkezinde yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
– Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z entegrasyon politikas\u0131<\/p>\n
Avrupa standartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6\u00e7 politikas\u0131 ile \u0130sve\u00e7’in tarihsel olarak m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli bir liman olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Fakat 2015 m\u00fclteci krizinde ve devam\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusu, \u00fclkenin hem demografisini hem de sosyal, siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi. Demografik verilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 10 milyon n\u00fcfuslu \u0130sve\u00e7 toplumunda yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli 2,75 milyon ki\u015fi, \u0130sve\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011fan 2,09 milyon ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. [7] \u00dclkedeki etnik gruplar aras\u0131nda ise Suriyeliler, \u0130sve\u00e7lilerden sonra \u00fclkedeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck etnik grubu olu\u015fturuyor. [8]<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin entegrasyonunda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130sve\u00e7 Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Magdalena Andersson’\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Andersson, \u0130sve\u00e7’in son 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menleri entegre etmekte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu ve \u00fclkede farkl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekliklerde ya\u015fayan paralel toplumlar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011funu ifade ederek zor kararlar vermek zorunda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. [9] Bu bak\u0131mdan, Andersson, Anders Ygeman’\u0131n sorunlu b\u00f6lgelere y\u00fczde 50 \u0130skandinav k\u00f6kenlilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6nerisini destekliyor. [10] Entegrasyondaki bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k; \u00fclke siyasetini de etkileyerek g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygular\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f taraf\u0131ndan ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. [11] \u00d6rne\u011fin milliyet\u00e7i ve anti-g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar g\u00fcden \u0130sve\u00e7 Demokratlar Partisi, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki se\u00e7imlerde oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 17,6’s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rken, \u00fclkedeki en eski ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck parti olan iktidar partisi merkez-sol Sosyal Demokratlar Partisi ise kendi tarihinin en k\u00f6t\u00fc sonucunu ald\u0131. [12]<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan ise sek\u00fcler bir \u00fclke olan \u0130sve\u00e7’e sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7an M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Suriyelilerin geli\u015fi, \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn uyumlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. G\u00f6\u00e7menleri \u00fclkedeki artan su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131 ile \u00f6zde\u015ftiren bir dil kullanan \u0130sve\u00e7 Demokratlar Partisi, pop\u00fclist s\u00f6ylemleri sayesinde \u0130sve\u00e7 Parlamentosu Riksdag’da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck parti olmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Parti, web sitesindeki manifestosunda; \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, sadece kurallara ve \u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sayg\u0131 duyan, topluma katk\u0131 sunan ki\u015filerin ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fclkeye gelip refah devletini istismar eden, su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen ya da vatanda\u015flara zarar veren ki\u015fileri istemediklerini, bunun yan\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7menin anavatanlar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmek istediklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade ediyor. Yine ayn\u0131 manifestoda partinin hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde “\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa” ve “di\u011fer a\u015f\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klara” boyun e\u011fmeyece\u011fi, \u0130sve\u00e7’in demokrasi ve e\u015fitlik \u00fclkesi oldu\u011fu, kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve gelenekleri ile gurur duydu\u011fu belirtiliyor. [13]<\/p>\n
Bu ve benzeri pop\u00fclist ifadeler \u00fclke fark etmeksizin g\u00f6\u00e7 alan bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkedeki g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ki\u015fi ve partilerce dile getiriliyor. \u0130sve\u00e7 \u00f6zelinde, \u0130sve\u00e7 Demokratlar Partisi su\u00e7 veya entegrasyon sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n sadece sosyo-ekonomik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klardan veya y\u00f6netimin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fclt\u00fcrden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor. Partinin s\u00f6z konusu \u0130slam kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumu 2015 m\u00fclteci krizinden \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, parti ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jimmie Akesson, 2009’daki bir konu\u015fmas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u0130slam’\u0131 ve \u0130sve\u00e7’teki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u00fclkeye y\u00f6nelik en \u00f6nemli yabanc\u0131 tehdit olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplulu\u011fun \u00fclkede \u015feriat y\u00f6netimi talep edece\u011fini, tecav\u00fcz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman erkeklerin bu vakalardaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fczme kul\u00fcplerinde erkekler ve kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 zaman \u00e7izelgelerinin olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015fti. [14] Partinin y\u00fckselen oy grafi\u011fi, di\u011fer partiler \u00fczerinde daha s\u0131k\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men politikalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir etki olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, bu anlamda g\u00f6\u00e7menleri \u00fclkedeki sorunlarla \u00f6zde\u015ftiren retori\u011fin di\u011fer partilerce de benimsendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. [15]<\/p>\n
– G\u00f6\u00e7 alan di\u011fer toplumlarda da durum ayn\u0131<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin milli k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iddia, g\u00f6\u00e7 alan bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede dile getiriliyor. [16] K\u00fclt\u00fcr temelli d\u0131\u015flaman\u0131n gizli \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011fu, bir ba\u015fka ifade ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n “k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k” oldu\u011fu uzun zamand\u0131r dillendirilen bir tez. Bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi olarak k\u00fclt\u00fcr anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00f6zellikle farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve onlar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 oda\u011f\u0131na alan sosyal ve siyasal s\u00f6ylemde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, bir toplulu\u011fu tan\u0131mlayan \u00f6z olarak ele alan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle son iki y\u00fcz y\u0131lda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na milliyet\u00e7i ideolojiler ile yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve artan g\u00f6\u00e7men hareketlerinin ise g\u00f6\u00e7 alan toplumlarda k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini korumaya y\u00f6nelik bir anksiyeteye yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n
Stuart Hall’e g\u00f6re devletin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 liberal evrenselcili\u011finin \u00f6nemli yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131ndan. Fakat yeni olu\u015fan multi-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u015fartlar, devletin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00f6netilenler aras\u0131nda geni\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel homojenlik varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. [17] Bu anlamda \u0130sve\u00e7 sadece siyasi ve teritoryal bir yap\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda “hayali bir cemaattir”. [18] Hall sadece k\u00fclt\u00fcr vas\u0131tas\u0131yla bu hayali cemaat ile \u00f6zde\u015fim kurulabilece\u011fini ifade ediyor. [19] Bu anlamda \u0130sve\u00e7 toplumunun zihnindeki “\u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc” fikri ile \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn uyu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zc\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131ma, siyasi ve sosyal arenada g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ki\u015fi ve kurumlarca yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fvuruluyor. Buna kar\u015f\u0131, \u0130sve\u00e7 D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 “G\u00f6\u00e7, entegrasyon ve \u0130sve\u00e7’te su\u00e7” isimli bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yay\u0131nlayarak kamuoyunu g\u00f6\u00e7menler ile ilgili as\u0131ls\u0131z su\u00e7lamalara kar\u015f\u0131 bilgilendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. [20]<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak ortada bir a\u00e7maz oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bir taraftan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc statik, \u00f6zc\u00fc, belli bir co\u011frafya ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6ren yanl\u0131\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015f var ve bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc birbirini d\u0131\u015flayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrler. Di\u011fer tarafta ise g\u00f6\u00e7menleri ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131layan fakat onlar\u0131n \u0130sve\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne entegre olmalar\u0131n\u0131, uzun vadede ise asimilasyonunu isteyen bir anlay\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu. Bu durum k\u00fclt\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda bir hiyerar\u015fi yarat\u0131yor. \u00dclkede birbirinden kopuk farkl\u0131 paralel toplumlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek ad\u0131na \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6neriler geli\u015ftirilebilir fakat insanlar\u0131n \u0130skandinav\/de\u011fil \u015feklinde devlet eliyle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar iyi niyetli de olsa \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlere katk\u0131 sunaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n
[1] https:\/\/www.thelocal.se\/20220801\/minister-suggests-limiting-non-nordic-citizens-in-swedens-vulnerable-areas\/<\/p>\n
[2] https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/dunya\/isvecte-getto-modeli-tartismalari-elestirilere-neden-oldu\/2667497<\/p>\n
[3] https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/7687\/migration-and-integration-in-sweden\/#topicHeader__wrapper<\/p>\n
[4] https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/syria\/location\/113<\/p>\n
[5] https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/11\/17\/even-sweden-doesnt-want-migrants-anymore-syria-iraq-belarus\/<\/p>\n
[6] https:\/\/www.mipex.eu\/key-findings<\/p>\n
[7] https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/7687\/migration-and-integration-in-sweden\/#topicHeader__wrapper<\/p>\n
[8] https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/country-resource\/sweden<\/p>\n
[9] https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/apr\/28\/swedens-failed-integration-creates-parallel-societies-says-pm-after-riots<\/p>\n
[10] https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/europe\/sweden-s-prime-minister-calls-for-end-to-ethnic-enclaves\/2668032<\/p>\n
[11] https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/02\/sweden-democrats-far-right-anti-migrant<\/p>\n
[12] https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/sweden-turns-welcoming-and-restrictive-its-immigration-policy<\/p>\n
[13] https:\/\/sd.se\/english\/<\/p>\n
[14] https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/the-rise-of-sweden-democrats-and-the-end-of-swedish-exceptionalism\/<\/p>\n
[15] https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/11\/17\/even-sweden-doesnt-want-migrants-anymore-syria-iraq-belarus\/<\/p>\n
[16] Vertovec, S. (2011). The cultural politics of nation and migration. Annual Review of Anthropology, 40, 241-256.<\/p>\n
[17] Hall, S. (2001). The multicultural question. Pavis Centre for Social and Cultural Research, The Open University.<\/p>\n
[18] Bak\u0131n\u0131z Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso books.<\/p>\n
[19] Hall, S. (2001). The multicultural question. Pavis Centre for Social and Cultural Research, The Open University.<\/p>\n
[20] https:\/\/www.government.se\/articles\/2017\/02\/facts-about-migration-and-crime-in-sweden\/<\/p>\n
[Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r. Emrah Ya\u011fmurlu, \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart \u00dcniversitesi.]<\/p>\n
*Makalelerdeki fikirler yazar\u0131na aittir ve Anadolu Ajans\u0131n\u0131n edit\u00f6ryal politikas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmayabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r. Emrah Ya\u011fmurlu, \u0130sve\u00e7’te artan g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 AA Analiz i\u00e7in kaleme ald\u0131. *** \u0130sve\u00e7 G\u00f6\u00e7men ve Entegrasyon Bakan\u0131 Anders Ygeman’\u0131n, yerel bir gazeteye verdi\u011fi r\u00f6portajda “Belli b\u00f6lgelerde \u0130skandinav k\u00f6kenli olmayan ki\u015filerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmuyorum.” [1] diyerek sorunlu b\u00f6lgelere y\u00fczde 50 \u0130skandinav k\u00f6kenlilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesine dair \u00f6neride bulunmas\u0131 tepki \u00e7ekti. [2] \u0130sve\u00e7, 2015 m\u00fclteci krizinde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"2","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"0","share_position":"hide","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"0","show_post_reading_time":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"0","show_popup_post":"0","number_popup_post":"2","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"no-crop","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-715"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"coauthors":[93],"class_list":["post-92599","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-isvec"],"yoast_head":"\n