Gine, 1958 referandumuyla Fransa’dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan ilk s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclke olmas\u0131 nedeniyle y\u0131llarca askeri rejimler, ekonomik belirsizlikler ve siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmelere sahne oldu.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Tarih bilimciler ve d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131klar\u0131, Gine’nin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Fransa taraf\u0131ndan cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ekonomik krizlerle m\u00fccadele ederken IMF’ye bor\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dahas\u0131 askeri rejimler s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fclke ekonomisinin alt\u00fcst oldu\u011funu savunuyor.<\/p>\n
Fransa’da, 1958’de, 5. Cumhuriyet kurulurken yeni oylanan anayasada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k isteyen Afrika s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde de referanduma gitme karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeler referandumda “evet” oyu kullan\u0131rlarsa anayasay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f olacak ve Fransa kontrol\u00fcnde kalmaya devam edecek, “hay\u0131r” diyecek \u00fclkeler ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olacakt\u0131. Ancak d\u00f6nemin Fransa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Charles de Gaulle, referandum \u00f6ncesi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda, “hay\u0131r demeye cesaret edeceklerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” ima etti.<\/p>\n
Gine’de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketleri referandumdan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak referandum ihtimaliyle gruplar son s\u00fcrat kampanyalar\u0131na devam etti. De Gaulle bir yandan t\u00fcm Afrika’y\u0131 gezerek referandum \u00f6ncesi g\u00f6vde g\u00f6sterisi yaparken, Gine’de 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra ba\u015flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yanl\u0131s\u0131 hareketler iyiden iyiye g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n
Gine’de sendikadan gelen, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yanl\u0131s\u0131 giri\u015fimlerin en bilindik ismi olan Ahmed Sekou Toure, referandum fikri ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rarak, kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 “Zengin k\u00f6leliktense fakir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tercih ederim.” slogan\u0131 \u00fczerine kurdu.<\/p>\n
S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri aras\u0131nda fire vermeyece\u011fine emin olan Gaulle, referandumdan bir ay \u00f6nce 25 A\u011fustos 1958’de, Gine’nin ba\u015fkenti Konakri’ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyarette, bu g\u00fcvenini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ifade etti:<\/p>\n
“Bu kar\u015f\u0131lamaya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Ginelilerin Fransa’ya k\u0131zacak bir nedeni oldu\u011funa inanm\u0131yorum. \u00dcstelik Fransa’n\u0131n da Afrika’da yapt\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgili y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131zartacak bir durum yok. Bunu Gineliler de geleceklerini Fransa ile birle\u015ftirerek anlayacaklard\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
Gine’de ya\u015fayan L\u00fcbnan ve Frans\u0131z vatanda\u015f\u0131 67 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Muhammed Fawaz’\u0131n ailesi, De Gaulle’\u00fcn o tarihi ziyaretine tan\u0131k olanlar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
De Gaulle’nin makam arac\u0131yla Fawaz’\u0131n ailesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 apartman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erek halk\u0131 selamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten Fawaz, o ana ait \u00e7ekilen siyah beyaz bir foto\u011fraf\u0131 tesad\u00fcfen internetten buldu\u011funu ve renkli versiyonunu bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
De Gaulle’nin o karede kendinden emin, mutlu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak bir ay sonra Gineliler, De Gaulle’nin bekledi\u011finin aksine, referandumda di\u011fer t\u00fcm s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeler y\u00fczde 90 “evet” derken y\u00fczde 95 oranda “hay\u0131r” oyu kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n
“Referandum \u00f6ncesi Fransa bankalar\u0131 bo\u015faltt\u0131”<\/strong><\/p>\n Gine’nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcniversitesi General Lansane Conte \u00dcniversitesinde tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc \u0130smael Barry, Gine’nin referandumun bedelini askeri darbeler ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahaleleriyle y\u0131llarca \u00f6demesini \u015f\u00f6yle anlatt\u0131:<\/p>\n “Fransa k\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hem de \u00e7ok k\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. De Gaulle, Gine’yi bu karar\u0131na pi\u015fman etmek istiyordu. T\u00fcm ekonomik ve askeri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti ki di\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeler de Gine’yi \u00f6rnek al\u0131p ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na giri\u015fmesin. Gine i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015feyi, hatta ta\u015f\u0131nabilir ne varsa ald\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Gine pi\u015fman olmal\u0131yd\u0131 ama Gineliler, bir an bile bu kararlar\u0131ndan pi\u015fmanl\u0131k duymad\u0131. Bu etkisi seneler s\u00fcrecek bedeli \u00f6demeye haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131lar, g\u00f6ze alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.”<\/p>\n Toure’nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesindeki sa\u011f kolu, 1958 referandumunda aktif rol alan El Hadj Momo Bangoura de \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin asl\u0131nda 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak referandumun kendileri i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n Referandum sonras\u0131nda Gine’ye kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck nefret ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve o d\u00f6nemin bizzat tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirten Bangoura, “De Gaulle, her ne kadar kabul etmese de i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e Toure’nin kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. O nedenle 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1958’de yani referandumdan 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce bir ekip yollayarak bankalardaki t\u00fcm paray\u0131 \u00e7ektirdi. Referandum g\u00fcn\u00fc hay\u0131r \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fclkede kimsenin maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bile \u00f6deyecek para kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.” diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n 20 y\u0131l boyunca devrilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/strong><\/p>\n Bangoura, o d\u00f6nem Fransa ad\u0131na g\u00f6rev yapan gizli servis ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplarda, De Gaulle’\u00fcn uzun s\u00fcre Toure h\u00fck\u00fcmetini devirmek i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hatta Toure’yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi bile planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bilgiler bulundu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131.<\/p>\n Toure’nin devrilmesi i\u00e7in sadece Fransa’n\u0131n de\u011fil baz\u0131 Avrupa ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinin de uzun u\u011fra\u015f verdi\u011fini ifade eden Bangoura, bu niyetle 21 Kas\u0131m 1970’te Portekizlilerin Konakri’ye bir gece yar\u0131s\u0131 bask\u0131n d\u00fczenleyerek Toure’yi indirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n Bangoura, bu sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n sadece Portekizliler taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ba\u015fta Fransa olmak \u00fczere Federal Almanya, Afrika’da Fildi\u015fi Sahilleri ve G\u00fcney Afrika’daki Apartheid rejimi taraf\u0131ndan da desteklendi\u011fine dair ciddi bulgulara ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktard\u0131.<\/p>\n Sald\u0131r\u0131 giri\u015fiminden sonra olayla ilgili oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin hapse at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Bangoura, Toure rejimi i\u00e7in y\u0131llar sonra hep diktat\u00f6r ve kanl\u0131 bir rejim yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131zl\u0131k oldu\u011funu dile getirerek, \u015f\u00f6yle devam etti:<\/p>\n “D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki bir lideri 20 y\u0131l boyunca hem i\u00e7eriden hem d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan devaml\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye, devirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u00dcstelik bunlar hayali iddialar de\u011fil hepsi ger\u00e7ek ve kan\u0131tlar\u0131 var. Toure, elbette Portekiz sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi hapse att\u0131 ama bug\u00fcn deniliyor ki eli kanl\u0131 bir liderdi, diktat\u00f6rd\u00fc. O \u015fartlarda ba\u015fka \u015fans\u0131 olabilir miydi? Zaten \u00f6ld\u00fckten bir hafta sonra askeri darbe olmas\u0131 da Toure’yi hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.”<\/p>\n Defalarca suikast giri\u015fiminde bulunulmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Toure’nin do\u011fal yollarla 1984’te hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini belirten Bangoura, Toure’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 1 hafta sonra gelen askeri rejimin kendisini ve t\u00fcm devlet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 hapse att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n 84 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Bangoura, o d\u00f6nemleri “Ne mutlu bana ki daha 24 ya\u015f\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir \u00f6\u011fretmenken referandum kampanyas\u0131nda hem yer ald\u0131m hem de hay\u0131r oyu verme \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 yakalad\u0131m.” diyerek \u00f6zetledi.<\/p>\n 26 y\u0131ll\u0131k askeri rejim, bor\u00e7 bata\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131llar<\/strong><\/p>\n Toure d\u00f6neminde, Fransa ile kesilen ili\u015fkiler sonras\u0131nda Gine do\u011fu blo\u011funa y\u00f6nelirken, kendi para birimini olu\u015fturarak Frans\u0131z Frank\u0131n\u0131 da tedav\u00fclden kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Toure’nin \u00f6l\u00fcmden bir hafta sonra askeri rejimin y\u00f6netime el koymas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan General Lansana Conte, Bat\u0131l\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fclkeye yeniden \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in mevcut para politikalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Serbest piyasa ekonomisine ge\u00e7ilirken IMF’ye b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda bor\u00e7lan\u0131ld\u0131. Gine bug\u00fcn bile o bor\u00e7lar\u0131 tam manas\u0131yla \u00f6deyebilmi\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n Conte’nin 2008’de \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden hemen sonra isyanc\u0131 asker gruplar\u0131, devlet televizyonu ve radyosuna el koydu. Darbeci grubun lideri Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Dadis Camara, kendisini hem \u00fclkenin yeni cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 hem de cuntaya ba\u011fl\u0131 Ulusal Demokrasi ve Kalk\u0131nma Konseyi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n Bu seferki darbe giri\u015fiminde, Conte rejiminden farkl\u0131 olarak \u00e7ok fazla kan akt\u0131. Halk sokaklara d\u00f6k\u00fclerek Camara’y\u0131 protesto ederek, bir daha askeri rejim istemediklerini s\u00f6yledi. Ancak Camara’n\u0131n kendisini y\u00f6netimde istemeyen herkesin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi emrini vermesi \u00fczerine 28 Eyl\u00fcl 2009’da ba\u015fkent Konakri’de, Camara’y\u0131 protesto etmek i\u00e7in Konakri Stadyumu’nda toplanan grubun \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Olaylarda 150’den fazla sivil hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybederken, y\u00fczlerce kad\u0131na tecav\u00fcz edildi, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi de i\u015fkenceye maruz kald\u0131. Sivillerin katliam\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 tepki \u00e7ekince Camara kom\u015fu \u00fclke Burkina Faso’ya ka\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n Gine demokratik se\u00e7imle ise ilk kez 2010’da tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclkede 24 y\u0131l askeri vesayetten sonra ba\u015fa gelen ve Gine’nin demokratik yollarla se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ilk Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Alpha Conde, Gine’yi uluslararas\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in cazibe merkezi haline getirme s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi. Halk\u0131n g\u00fcvenini de kazanan Conde, 2015’teki se\u00e7imlerle ikinci d\u00f6nemine de devam etti.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn Gineliler, 26 y\u0131ll\u0131k istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve ekonomik problemlerden sonra Conde’nin kendileri i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekten bir umut olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Conde’nin zengin boksit, demir, elmas ve alt\u0131n madenlerine sahip Gine’nin bu potansiyelini kullanarak yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi ve tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli arazilerin i\u015flenir hale gelmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 zamanda Afrika Birli\u011fi D\u00f6nem Ba\u015fkan\u0131 da olan Conde, “Fransa ile olan g\u00f6bek ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kopar\u0131lmas\u0131” g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunurken, Gine ekonomisinin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerin yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor. Gine halk\u0131 da bu u\u011furda \u00e7ok bedel \u00f6demek zorunda kalsa da ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve verdi\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesiyle gurur duymaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Fransa’dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan ilk s\u00f6m\u00fcrge Gine, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bedelini \u00f6demeye devam ediyor<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9985,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-9984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dunya"],"yoast_head":"\n